Understanding the roots of conflict in south sudan council. For six years leading up to this day, a civil war between the predominantly muslim north and christiantraditional south had put the southern provinces of sudan in a state of emergency. The sudan darfur conflict essay example graduateway. Sudan is bordered by nine different countries and it is located along the red sea. South sudan became the youngest nation in the world after splitting from the larger sudan to become the republic of south sudan in 2011. Solutions for moving beyond an ethnic conflict kuntzelman 83 cause of southern sudans current underdevelopment is rooted in this colonial history, as colonial preference was given to the arab regions of the north, where power and decisionmaking became centralized in. South sudan conflict analysis brief south sudan, the worlds youngest nation, continues to struggle despite the august 2015 signature of a peace agreement. With the south sudanese conflict in its fifth year in 2018, this paper seeks to not. Apr 12, 2010 views expressed in this guest post are not those of the pulitzer center. A brief history of the civil war in south sudan comboni. Sudans postindependence history has been dominated by political and civil strife. Two opposite explanations are frequently given for the continuing rift. Like many territorial demarcations in the continent, sudans present borderlines were defined by the colonial powers at the turn ofthe century.
Pdf with the south sudanese conflict in its fifth year in 2018, this. In response, the government equipped and supported arab militiaswhich came to be known as janjaweed also jingaweit or janjawidto fight against the rebels in darfur. Geographically, south sudan is not part of the sudan region at all the sahel, forming as it does part of subsaharan africa. Republic of sudan and the new republic of south sudanor north and south sudan, for claritythe two countries were again in a state of war. The crisis in darfur and status of the northsouth peace agreement congressional research service summary sudan, geographically the largest country in africa, has been ravaged by civil war intermittently for four decades. Her research and publications since 2001 have focused on the historical and contemporary role of chiefs in southern sudan, and related issues of governance, state. Years of international efforts to bring an end to decades of conflict by helping to negotiate the comprehensive peace agreement cpa of 2005 and the later. However, their independence, like that of other countries in the world, came with a huge human cost following decades of intense conflict between the arab north and the nonarab south.
Chapter 2 the history and origins of the current conflict in. Most recently, sudan has been in the news because south sudan seceded from sudan on july 9, 2011. The paper will trace the origin and evolution of sudans two most significant wars. A history of south sudan cambridge university press. Essay on conflict in south sudan 1784 words bartleby. Who are the parties to the conflict and what are their goals. Jul 06, 2017 sudan tribune 27062017 dabanga 25062017 crisisgroup 22062017. Contextual information history of conflict violence began in 2003 when armed groups retaliated against perceived economic and political marginalisation of darfur. Solutions for moving beyond an ethnic conflict kuntzelman 83 cause of southern sudans current underdevelopment is rooted in this colonial history, as colonial preference was given to the arab regions of the north, where power and decisionmaking became centralized in the northern capital of khartoum. In response, the government equipped and supported arab militiaswhich came.
The history of recent violent conflict in sudan goes back to the august 1955 mutiny. Conflict in sudan and the role of the united nations. University of california press, c2015, by joachim j. Conflict in south sudan and the challenges ahead congressional research service summary south sudan, which separated from sudan in 2011 after almost 40 years of civil war, was drawn into a devastating new conflict in late 20, when a political dispute that overlapped with preexisting ethnic and political fault lines turned violent. It was largely a continuation of the first sudanese civil war of 1955 to 1972. For almost three years, the equatoria region in south sudan had been spared from the conflict that exploded in 20. The country attracted international attention in the 1990sasa breeding ground of islamist terrorism, and recently tensions between the prosperous center and the periphery, between the north and the south, have exploded in darfur. Jan 17, 2020 it is also the tenth largest country in the world based on area. Although it originated in southern sudan, the civil war spread to the nuba mountains and the blue nile.
The history of south sudan comprises the history of the territory of presentday south sudan and the peoples inhabiting the region. The historical framework allows for a detailed analysis of both the cycles of socio. Egypt and the remainder of sudan on the e and the south. Conflict on oil between sudan and south sudan after decades of civil war between north and south sudan a nation wide referendum was held in january 2011 granting the independence of south sudan by a majority vote of nearly 99% in favor or partitioning the once united war plagued nation nyt 2012.
Sudans history is full of political struggles and military coups. The conflicts between what is now sudan and south sudan are often understood through their historical roots. Sudan is africas largest state and has been involved in conflict of various origins for varying periods of time. The conflict between the northern and southern sudan has usually been misunderstood, because the historical roots of the conflict have been misrepresented. Years of international efforts to bring an end to decades of conflict by helping to negotiate the. Conflict on oil between sudan and south sudan 1008 words 5 pages. Her research and publications since 2001 have focused on the historical and contemporary role of chiefs in southern sudan, and related issues of governance, statesociety relations and political and judicial cultures. It has a long history of civil wars as well as political and social instability.
The first tribal conflict recorded in the modern history of darfur. History of conflict in sudan timeline timetoast timelines. More than 2 million people have died in southern sudan over the past two. Sudans governments have a long history of using proxies in southern sudan, and the.
Solutions for moving beyond an ethnic conflict eric. South sudan hasnt known peace since it became an independent nation in 2011. Take a look at the timeline below for a peek into the countrys history, from its violent split from sudan through to today. Modern history of conflict in sudan pulitzer center. A reappraisal of the geographics and the history of this part will assist in developing a proper apprehension of the struggle. Pdf a brief history of the conflict in sudan 49 abdellah.
Since sudan s modern borders were drawn up by the british last century, it has been very much a. As a political entity, then, sudanlikemany african countriesisa fairly recent creation. The sudanese conflict in south kordofan and blue nile in the early 2010s between the army of sudan and the sudan revolutionary front started as a dispute over the oilrich region of abyei in the months leading up to south sudanese independence in 2011, though it is also related to civil war in darfur that is nominally resolved. The conflict began in 2003 when rebels launched an insurrection to protest what they contended was the sudanese governments disregard for the western region and its nonarab population. Arms transfers to all sides in the civil war in sudan pdf. In this book, she provides an unparalleled insiders account of south sudans descent from the ecstatic celebrations of july 2011 to the outbreak of the disastrous conflict in december 20 and the early, bloody phase of the fighting. The war in darfur, also nicknamed the land cruiser war, is a major armed conflict in the darfur region of sudan that began in february 2003 when the sudan liberation movement slm and the justice and equality movement jem rebel groups began fighting the government of sudan, which they accused of oppressing darfurs nonarab population. Read more about the terms of the cpa the talks finally came into peace on january 9, 2005 under the terms of the comprehensive peace agreement cpa, one protocol was a sixyear interim period, at the end of which, the people of southern sudan were given the right to vote in a selfdetermination referendum to decide whether to remain united with sudan or to secede. Conflict analysis and options for systemic conflict. South sudan, as a result of tribal and political conflict, is a country in name only. Established in 2011 after two wars, south sudan has since reverted to a state of devastating civil strife. South sudans civil war is the result of a weakly institutionalized state and may require the african unions intervention to find peace and. A history of south sudan south sudan is the worlds youngest independent country.
The second sudanese civil war was a conflict from 1983 to 2005 between the central sudanese government and the sudan peoples liberation army. South sudan, officially the republic of south sudan and previously known as southern sudan, is a landlocked country in eastcentral africa that is part of the united nations subregion of eastern africa. Conflict profile since its independence in 1956, sudan has seen an intermittent civil war. Conflict in darfur remained unresolved centred on the darfur region in western sudan. There have been many different approaches to analyzing and understanding the conflict in darfur. Very detailed and thoroughly documented from first hand sources, the book will quickly become a classic and will correct some of the outside misperceptions of who did what to whom and why. Civil war breaks out in the predominately christian. May 16, 2012 with highprofile conflict in darfur and along the border between sudan and south sudan, the red sea, kassala, and alqadarif states of eastern sudan have received little to no attention, despite extremely low humanitarian indexes, serious food security challenges, and drought. General abbud leads the first military coup against the civilian government. First civil war begins between the south and north. Some have attributed the conflict in darfur to what they called the inherent warring. The lack of basic infrastructure, educated and skilled. South sudans history at a glance concern worldwide. A brief history of modern sudan and south sudan south sudan, the worlds newest nation, was once a sizeable part of sudan, the country to its north.
Institute of peace, june 2011, filesresourcessr278. Badal, the rise and fall of separatism in southern sudan, african affairs 75, 301 1976, pp. The northsouth conflict in historical perspective t he peoples ofsouthern sudan have suffered nearly two centuries of colonial rule under the turkoegyptian, the mahdiya, the anglo egyptian, and the postindependencenorthern regimes. This is vital in order to understand the origins of key features of the current crisis. May 17, 2017 this is the story of how sudan became two nations, and of an ongoing conflict in the nuba mountains that has changed the lives of millions of people. Social scientists in sudan and south sudan have also turned their critical attention to colonial administrators,10 development and humanitarian practitioners,11 lobby groups,12 and their own discipline. Small arms survey hsba working paper 8 schomerus the lords resistance army in sudan abstract the ongoing peace talks between the government of uganda and the lords resistance armymovement lram in juba, the capital of south sudan, have created renewed international interest in the conflict in northern uganda. This country is also considered a home for sufi movements, in addition to enjoying a rich heritage of feminism.
The history of sudan includes that of both the territory that composes republic of the sudan, south sudan as well as that of a larger region known by the term sudan. Timeline with background information on the conflict in sudan. After fighting in the northern states of south sudan among the nuer, the conflict has moved to the southwest in the regions richer in water, fertile land and forests, i. Chapter 2 the history and origins of the current conflict. South sudan seceded from the republic of sudan in 2011. Key characteristics of the economy south sudans dependence on subsistence agriculture and food aid indicates that the countrys present economic state is extremely poor. This case study explores the background and bases for sudans two civil wars 19551972 and 19832005, which pitted the powerful muslim arabs in the north against the christian and indigenous black africans of the south.
South sudans civil war and conflict dynamics in the red sea. Conflict between 19551976 and 19832005 between the colonially modernised arab north and the underdeveloped christian and animist south brought widespread civilian suffering. A separate conflict that remained unresolved centred on the darfur region in western sudan. A history of modern sudan sudans modern history has been consumed by revolution and civil war. The sudanese conflict in south kordofan and blue nile, also referred to by some media as the third sudanese civil war, is an ongoing armed conflict in the sudanese southern states of south kordofan and blue nile between the sudanese army saf and sudan peoples liberation movementnorth splmn, a northern affiliate of the sudan peoples liberation movement splm in south sudan. The second sudanese civil war was a conflict from 1983 to 2005 between the central. It lasted for 22 years and is one of the longest civil wars on record. Pdf forces have been active against suspected dissidents in northern. Apr 08, 2010 sudan is africas largest country in geographical terms and has a population of around 40 million. Understanding the roots of conflict in south sudan.
Less than a year after the old greater sudan split into the northern republic of sudan and the new republic of south sudanor north and south sudan, for claritythe two countries were again in a state of war. Sudansnorthsouthconflictowes its genesis tothecolonialpast. June 30, 1989 is a date that will always be engrained in sudanese history. Sudanese conflict in south kordofan and blue nile wikipedia. Brief history of south sudan water for south sudan. Darfur historical region and former province, sudan. There is little need to repeat yet again this rather long history. What are the historical origins of the conflict in sudan. Sudans complex armed conflict has been characterised as a civil war of interlocking civil wars.
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